一、形态特征

HONGYELIDUOFENZHI，ZHITIAOXIZHANG，KAIZHAN，ANHUISE，YOUSHIYOUJICI；XIAOZHIANHONGSE，WUMAO；DONGYALUANYUANXING，XIANDUANJIJIAN，YOUSHUMEIFUWAZHUANGPAILIELINPIAN，ZIHONGSE，YOUSHILIN PIANBIANYUANYOUXISHUYUANMAO。YEPIANTUOYUANXING、LUANXINGHUODAOLUANXING，JIXITUOYUANZHUANGPIZHENXING，ZHANG（2）3-6cm，KUAN2-3（2）cm，XIANDUANJIJIAN，JIBUXIEXINGHUOJINYUANXING，BIANYUANYOUYUANDUNJU CHI，YOUSHIHUNYOUZHONGJUCHI，SHANGMIANSHENLVSE，WUMAO，ZHONGMAIWEIXIAXIAN，XIAMIANYANSEJIAODAN，CHUYANZHONGMAIYOUROUMAOHUOMAIYEYOURANMAOWAI，QIYUBUFENWUMAO，ZHONGMAIHECEMAIJUNTUQI，CEMAI5-8DUI；YEBING ZHANG6-12mm，TONGCHANGWUMAOHUOYOUSHIWEIBEIDUANROUMAO，WUXIAN；TUOYEMOZHI，PIZHENXING，XIANDUANJIANJIAN，BIANYOUDAIXIANXIJUCHI，ZAOLUO。HUA1DUO，XI2DUO；HUAGENGZHANG1-2.2cm。WUMAOHUOWEI BEIDUANROUMAO；HUAZHIJING2-2.5cm；ETONGZHONGZHUANG，EPIANZHANGLUANXING，XIANDUANYUANDUN，BIANYOUSHUQIANJUCHI，YUEPIANJINDENGZHANG，ETONGHEEPIANWAIMIANWUMAO，ETONGNEIMIANYOUSHUSHENGDUANROUMAO；HUABANBAISE， ZHANGYUANXINGHUOCHIXING，BIANYUANBOZHUANG，JIBUXIEXING，ZHESHENGZAIETONGBIANYUAN；XIONGRUI25-30，HUASIZHANGDUANBUDENG，JINMIDIPAICHENGBUGUIZE2LUN，BIHUABANSHAODUAN；CIRUI1，XINPIBEIZHANGROUMAO，ZHUTOUPAN ZHUANG，HUAZHUBIXIONGRUISHAOZHANG，JIBUBEIXIZHANGROUMAO。

HEGUOJINQIUXINGHUOTUOYUANXING，ZHANGKUANJIXIANGDENG，ZHIJING1-3cm，HUANGSE、HONGSEHUOHEISE，WEIBEILAFEN，JUYOUQIANCEGOU，ZHANHE；HETUOYUANXINGHUOLUANQIU XING，XIANDUANJIJIAN，QIANHEDAIBAISE，BIAOMIANPINGHUAHUOCUCAOHUOYOUSHICHENGFENGWOZHUANG，BEIFENGJUGOU，FUFENGYOUSHIKUODAJU2CEGOU。HUAQI4YUE，GUOQI8YUE。

ER、SHENGZHANGXIXING

ZIYELIXIYANGGUANG、WENNUANSHIRUNQIHOU，YOUYIDINGDEKANGHANNENGLI。DUITURANGSHIYINGXINGQIANG，BUNAIGANHAN，JIAONAISHUISHI，DANZAIFEIWO、SHENHOU、PAISHUILIANGHAODENIANZHIZHONGXING、SUANXINGTURANGZHONGSHENGZHANGLIANGHAO，BUNAIJIAN。YISHALITUWEIHAO，ZHANZHITUYINENGSHENGZHANG，GENXIJIAOQIAN，MENGSHENGLIJIAOQIANG。ZIYELIZHENGGESHENGZHANGJIJIEDOUWEIZIHONGSE，YIYUJIANZHUWUQIANJIYUANLUPANGHUOCAOPINGJIAOYUCHUZAIZHI。

SAN、ZAIPEIJISHU

1、QIANCHAFANZHI

①CHATIAOZHUNBEI：XUANZESHULING3-4NIAN，SHENGZHANGJIANZHUANGDESHUZUOWEIMUSHU。ZAISHENQIULUOYEHOUCONGMUSHUSHANGJIANQUWUBINGCHONGHAIDEDANGNIANSHENGZHITIAO，YEKEJIEHEZHENGXINGXIUJIANJIANGJIANXIADECUZHUANG、YABAOMAN，WUBINGCHONGHAIJIJIXIESUNSHANGDEZHITIAOZUOWEICHATIAO。JIANGXUANCHUDECHATIAOJIANCHENG40-50cmDEZHIDUAN，AN100-200ZHIDAKUN，YONGSHISHAMAIRUZHUZANG。

②MIAOPUDIXUANZEHEZHENGDI：MIAOPUDIYINGXUANZEPAIGUANHEJIAOTONGYUNSHUFANGBIANDEDIFANG，TUCENGYAOQIUWEISHENHOU、FEIWO、SHUSONGDESHARANGTU。ZHENGDIQIAN，MEIMUDIJUNYUNSASHI1-1.5DUNFUSHUNONGJIAFEI，BINGYONG50%DUOJUNLING1500KEHUOGAOMENGSUANJIADUISHUISAYUTUZHONG，JINXINGTURANGSHAJUNXIAODU；ZAIYONG4000KE50%XINLIULINKELIJISASHISHAMIEDIXIAHAICHONG。RANHOUSHENGENG、XIPA、ZHENGPINGTUDI，QINGCHUZACAOFEINONGMODENGZAWU，ZUOQI。QIZHANGGENJUPUDIERDING，QIKUAN1m；QIYUQIZHIJIANLIUGOU，GOUKUAN0.3m，SHEN0.2m。ZUOHAOHOUSHAOJIAZHENYA，JIANGQIMIANZHONGGENGPAPING，ZHUNBEIQIANCHA。

③QIANCHASHIJIAN：11YUEXIAXUN-12YUEZHONGXUN。

④QIANCHAFANGFA：QIANCHAQIAN，XIANJIANGGANGJIANXIADEHUOZHUZANGZAISHISHAZHONGDEZHITIAO，JIANQUXIRUOZHIHESHISHUIGANSUOBUFEN，RANHOUZIXIAERSHANG，JIANGZHANGZHITIAOJIANCHENGZHANG10-12cm，YOU3-5GEYADECHASUI。CHASUIXIADUANJINYACHUJIANCHENGGUANGHUAXIEMIAN，YIZENGJIAXINGCHENGCENGYUTURANGDEJIECHUMIAN，YOULIYUSHENGGEN。CHASUISHANGDUANJUYAYAN0.8-1cmCHUJIANQICHENGPINGMIAN。CHASUIJIANHAOHOU，YINGLIJIJIANGQIXIADUANXIEMIANJINRUQINGSHUIZHONGJINPAO15-20GEXIAOSHI，SHICHATIAOCHONGFENXIZUSHUI。YONG50×10－6ABT6HAOSHENGGENFENANBILIPEICHENGSHENGGENJI，ZHANJINCHASUIYILISHENGGEN。CHASUIXIEMIANXIANGXIACHARUTUZHONG，ZHUXINGJU5×5cm，SHANGDUANDEYALUCHUDIMIAN0.5-1cm。QIANCHAHOULIJIFANGSHUIYINGUAN，SHICHASUIYUTURANGMIJIE。DAIDIMIANSHAOGANHOUYONGSHUANGCENGDIMOFUGAIBAOSHANG，TONGSHIZAIQIMIANSHANGDA1MIGAOYUQIMIANTONGKUANDESULIAOXIAOGONGPENGYILIBAOWEN、YUHAN。

⑤QIANCHAMIAOGUANLI：MIAOCHUANGYOUDIMOHEXIAOGONGPENGDEKEBAOCHIZHANGSHIJIANBUBIGUANSHUI，RUDIMOXIATURANGGANZAO，ZAIYANQIGOUYINGUANYICISHUI。ZUIDIWENDUJIANGZHILINGXIA5℃SHI，YINGZAIGONGPENGWAIJIACAOLIANFANGDONGBAOWEN；ZUIDIQIWENSHENGZHI0℃HOU，BAITIANJIEKAICAOLIAN，YEWANSIZHOUWEICAOLIAN；ZUIDIWENDUDADAO5℃YISHANGSHI，BAITIANYINGDAKAIGONGPENG，SHIDANGFANGFENG，FANGGAOWENZHUOSHANGYOUMIAO。3YUECHU，YOUMIAOGAO3-5LIMISHI，BAITIANJIEKAIDIMOTONGFENGLIANMIAO，SUIYOUMIAOSHENGZHANGZHUJIANJIADATONGFENGLIANG。3YUEZHONGXIAXUN-4YUECHU，ZHUYIBAOCHIMIAOCHUANGCHAOSHI。4YUEZHONGXUNJIEQUPENGMO，JISHISHIFEI、CHUCAO、JIAOSHUI。

⑥移植苗管理：4月下旬，选阴雨天或晴天的下午4点后进行移植。起苗前，苗床灌足水，以利起苗减少伤根，根系又能多带泥土。现起苗现栽植，提高移植成活率。移植时株行距20×30cm。移植前每亩地施4-5吨腐熟农家肥和含量各15%的三元复合肥0.05吨，深耕细耙后移植。栽后浇足水，育苗地保持不干不过湿，并加强病虫草害防治。6月初，阴雨天前或土壤干旱灌溉前，每亩地撒施尿素0.025吨，以促进苗木生长。当年移植苗平均高度可达1.5m左右，地径1.5cm。

2、YAJIEFA

砧木可用：桃、李、梅、杏、山桃、山杏、毛桃和紫叶李的实生苗，相比较而言，桃砧生长势旺，叶色紫绿，但怕涝；李做砧木较耐涝；杏、梅寿命较长，但也怕涝。在华北地区以杏、山桃和毛桃作砧木最为常用。
嫁接的砧木一般选择两年生的苗，最好是专门做砧木培养的，嫁接前要先短截，只保留地表上5-7cm的树桩，6月中下旬，在事先选做接穗的枝条上定好芽位，接芽要饱满、壮实，无干尖和病虫害。用经过消毒的芽接刀在芽位下2cm处向上呈30°斜切入木质部，直至芽位上1cm处，然后在芽位上1厘米处横切一刀，将接芽轻轻取下，再在砧木距地3cm处，用刀在树皮上切一个“T”形切口，使接芽和砧木紧密结合，再用塑料带绑好即可。嫁接后，接芽在7天左右没有萎蔫，说明已经成活，25天左右就可以将塑料带拆除。

3、GAOKONGYATIAOFA

①ZHITIAODEXUANZE：ZHITIAOYAOXUANZESHUSHIJIAOQIANG，WUBINGCHONGHAIDEZHIZHU，ZHITIAOZHIJINGYIBANWEI1-2cm，YI2-4NIANSHENGZHITIAOWEIZUIHAO。

②YATIAOCAOZUO：YATIAOZAICHUNJI4YUEZHONGXUN-5YUEZHONGXUNJINXING，ZAIYATIAOSHANGXUANZESHIYIDEBUWEIYONGJIAJIEDAOKEHUALIANGDAOKEHEN，JIANJU1.5cmZUOYOU，RANHOUDUIKEHENJIANDEBIAOPIJINXINGHUANBO，HUANBOHOULIJITAOSHANGSULIAODAI，BINGZAIXIAKEHENXIABUJIANGSULIAODAIXISI，RANHOUJIANGDIAOHAODESHARANGTUNIJIANGFANGRUSULIAODAI，NIECHENGQIUZHUANG，NIQIUYAOJIANGHUANBOCHUBAOGUOZHU，BINGSHIQICHUYUNIQIUDEZHONGBU，RANHOUJIANGSULIAODAISHANGKOUXISI。

③HOUQIZHILI：SULIAODAIFENGHAOHOUYAOJINGCHANGJINXINGJIANCHA，CHAKANNIQIUSHIFOUGANYING，JIARUTUQIUROURUAN，SHUOMINGBAOZHAXIAOGUOJIAOHAO，TURANGHANSHUILIANGJIAOGAO。DAYUE45TIANHOUSHANGKOUKEYIYUHEBINGKAISHISHENGGEN，QIUMOLUOYEHOU，JIANGYATIAOZAINIQIUXIABUJIANDUAN，JIANKAISULIAODAIHOUJINXINGYIZAI。JIARUGANYINGZESHUOMINGSULIAODAIYOULOUQIDEDIFANG，YAOLIJIYONGZHUSHEQIZHURUSHUI，BINGZAIYUANSULIAODAIWAIZAITAOYIGESULIAODAI。

HUNJIAOLINZHUYAODESHIGENJUZUOWUXIGUANGYUNAIYIN，SHUGENZHAGENDESHENDU，ZUOWUSHENGZHANGZHOUQIYIJISHIFEIXINGDETEXINGJINXINGBUTONGSHUZHONGJIANDEHUNHEDAPEI，CONGERDADAOCHONGFENLIYONGTUDIZIYUAN，HELIFENPEIBUTONGCENGDEGUANGZHAO，SHUIFENHEYANGFEN。

ZIYELIYUHONGSENHUAIHUNJIAOLIN，KEYICHONGFENLIYONGKONGJIANHEYINGYANGMIANJI，NENGJIAOHAODIFAHUIFANGHUXIAOYI，KEZENGQIANGKANGYUZIRANZAIHAIDENENGLI，GAISHANLIDITIAOJIAN，TIGAOLINCHANPINDESHULIANGHEZHILIANG。

4、YIZAI

①XIUJIAN：ZAIDONGJIZHIZHUJINRUXIUMIANHUOBANXIUMIANQIHOU，YAOBASHOURUO、BINGCHONG、KUSI、GUOMIDENGZHITIAOJIANDIAO。

②ZHUANPEN：ZHIYAOYANGHUDEFA，TAJIUHUISHENGZHANGHENKUAI，DANGSHENGZHANGDAOYIDINGDEDAXIAOSHI（YUELIANGDAOSANNIANSHIJIAN），JIUYAOKAOLVJITAHUANGEDAYIDIANDEPEN，YIRANGTAJIXUWANGSHENGSHENGZHANG。HUANPENYONGDEPEIYANGTUJIZUFENBILIKEYIXUANYONGXIAMIANDEYIZHONG：CAIYUANTU：LUZHA=3:1；HUOZHEYUANTU：ZHONGCUHESHA：JUMO（RUZHA）=4:1:2；HUOZHESHUIDAOTU、TANGNI、FUYETUZHONGDEYIZHONG。

③TUOPEN：BAYAOHUANPENDEHUAFANGZAIDISHANG，XIANYONGBAZHANGQINGPAIPENDESIZHOU，SHIGENXISHOUDAOZHENDONGERYUPENBIFENLI，BAHUAPENDAOGUOLAIFANGZAIZUOSHOUSHANG，ZUOSHOUDESHIZHIYUZHONGZHIQINGQINGJIAZHUZHIZHU，SHOUWANYUZHIJIANDINGZHUPENYAN，YOUSHOUPAIDAPENDI，ZAIYONGMUZHICONGDIKONGBAGENTUXIANGXIADING，RANGZHIWUTUOCHULAI。TUOCHULAIHOU，YONGSHUANGZHANGQINGQINGPAIDAPENTU，RANGDUOYUDETURANGTUOLUO。

④HUAPENZHUNBEI：XUANYISHIDANGDAXIAODEHUAPEN，PENDEDIKONGYONGLIANGPIANWAPIANHUOBOBODEPAOMOPIANGAIZHU，JIYAOBAOZHENGPENTUBUBEISHUICHONGCHUQU，YOUYAONENGRANGDUOYUDESHUINENGJISHILIUCHU。WAPIANHUOPAOMOSHANGZAIFANGSHANGYICENGTAOLIHUOSHIDASUIDEHONGZHUANTOU，ZUOWEILVSHUICENG，HOUYUE2-3cm。PAISHUICENGSHANGZAIFANGYOUFEIJIFEI，HOUYUE1-3GONGFEN，FEILIAOSHANGZAIPUYIBOCENGJIZHI，HOUYUE2cm，YIBAGENXIYUFEILIAOGEKAI，ZUIHOUBAZHIWUFANGJINQU，TIANCHONGYINGYANGTU，LIPENKOUYUESHENG2-3cmJIKE。

5、BINGCHONGHAI：BINGCHONGHAIZHUYAOYOUHONGZHIZHU、CIEHEBUDAIE，RUYOUFASHENGKEYONG40%DEYANGHUALEGUORUYOU1000BEIYEJINXINGPENSHA。