一、形态特征
HONGYELIDUOFENZHI,ZHITIAOXIZHANG,KAIZHAN,ANHUISE,YOUSHIYOUJICI;XIAOZHIANHONGSE,WUMAO;DONGYALUANYUANXING,XIANDUANJIJIAN,YOUSHUMEIFUWAZHUANGPAILIELINPIAN,ZIHONGSE,YOUSHILIN PIANBIANYUANYOUXISHUYUANMAO。YEPIANTUOYUANXING、LUANXINGHUODAOLUANXING,JIXITUOYUANZHUANGPIZHENXING,ZHANG(2)3-6cm,KUAN2-3(2)cm,XIANDUANJIJIAN,JIBUXIEXINGHUOJINYUANXING,BIANYUANYOUYUANDUNJU CHI,YOUSHIHUNYOUZHONGJUCHI,SHANGMIANSHENLVSE,WUMAO,ZHONGMAIWEIXIAXIAN,XIAMIANYANSEJIAODAN,CHUYANZHONGMAIYOUROUMAOHUOMAIYEYOURANMAOWAI,QIYUBUFENWUMAO,ZHONGMAIHECEMAIJUNTUQI,CEMAI5-8DUI;YEBING ZHANG6-12mm,TONGCHANGWUMAOHUOYOUSHIWEIBEIDUANROUMAO,WUXIAN;TUOYEMOZHI,PIZHENXING,XIANDUANJIANJIAN,BIANYOUDAIXIANXIJUCHI,ZAOLUO。HUA1DUO,XI2DUO;HUAGENGZHANG1-2.2cm。WUMAOHUOWEI BEIDUANROUMAO;HUAZHIJING2-2.5cm;ETONGZHONGZHUANG,EPIANZHANGLUANXING,XIANDUANYUANDUN,BIANYOUSHUQIANJUCHI,YUEPIANJINDENGZHANG,ETONGHEEPIANWAIMIANWUMAO,ETONGNEIMIANYOUSHUSHENGDUANROUMAO;HUABANBAISE, ZHANGYUANXINGHUOCHIXING,BIANYUANBOZHUANG,JIBUXIEXING,ZHESHENGZAIETONGBIANYUAN;XIONGRUI25-30,HUASIZHANGDUANBUDENG,JINMIDIPAICHENGBUGUIZE2LUN,BIHUABANSHAODUAN;CIRUI1,XINPIBEIZHANGROUMAO,ZHUTOUPAN ZHUANG,HUAZHUBIXIONGRUISHAOZHANG,JIBUBEIXIZHANGROUMAO。
HEGUOJINQIUXINGHUOTUOYUANXING,ZHANGKUANJIXIANGDENG,ZHIJING1-3cm,HUANGSE、HONGSEHUOHEISE,WEIBEILAFEN,JUYOUQIANCEGOU,ZHANHE;HETUOYUANXINGHUOLUANQIU XING,XIANDUANJIJIAN,QIANHEDAIBAISE,BIAOMIANPINGHUAHUOCUCAOHUOYOUSHICHENGFENGWOZHUANG,BEIFENGJUGOU,FUFENGYOUSHIKUODAJU2CEGOU。HUAQI4YUE,GUOQI8YUE。
ER、SHENGZHANGXIXING
ZIYELIXIYANGGUANG、WENNUANSHIRUNQIHOU,YOUYIDINGDEKANGHANNENGLI。DUITURANGSHIYINGXINGQIANG,BUNAIGANHAN,JIAONAISHUISHI,DANZAIFEIWO、SHENHOU、PAISHUILIANGHAODENIANZHIZHONGXING、SUANXINGTURANGZHONGSHENGZHANGLIANGHAO,BUNAIJIAN。YISHALITUWEIHAO,ZHANZHITUYINENGSHENGZHANG,GENXIJIAOQIAN,MENGSHENGLIJIAOQIANG。ZIYELIZHENGGESHENGZHANGJIJIEDOUWEIZIHONGSE,YIYUJIANZHUWUQIANJIYUANLUPANGHUOCAOPINGJIAOYUCHUZAIZHI。
SAN、ZAIPEIJISHU
1、QIANCHAFANZHI
①CHATIAOZHUNBEI:XUANZESHULING3-4NIAN,SHENGZHANGJIANZHUANGDESHUZUOWEIMUSHU。ZAISHENQIULUOYEHOUCONGMUSHUSHANGJIANQUWUBINGCHONGHAIDEDANGNIANSHENGZHITIAO,YEKEJIEHEZHENGXINGXIUJIANJIANGJIANXIADECUZHUANG、YABAOMAN,WUBINGCHONGHAIJIJIXIESUNSHANGDEZHITIAOZUOWEICHATIAO。JIANGXUANCHUDECHATIAOJIANCHENG40-50cmDEZHIDUAN,AN100-200ZHIDAKUN,YONGSHISHAMAIRUZHUZANG。
②MIAOPUDIXUANZEHEZHENGDI:MIAOPUDIYINGXUANZEPAIGUANHEJIAOTONGYUNSHUFANGBIANDEDIFANG,TUCENGYAOQIUWEISHENHOU、FEIWO、SHUSONGDESHARANGTU。ZHENGDIQIAN,MEIMUDIJUNYUNSASHI1-1.5DUNFUSHUNONGJIAFEI,BINGYONG50%DUOJUNLING1500KEHUOGAOMENGSUANJIADUISHUISAYUTUZHONG,JINXINGTURANGSHAJUNXIAODU;ZAIYONG4000KE50%XINLIULINKELIJISASHISHAMIEDIXIAHAICHONG。RANHOUSHENGENG、XIPA、ZHENGPINGTUDI,QINGCHUZACAOFEINONGMODENGZAWU,ZUOQI。QIZHANGGENJUPUDIERDING,QIKUAN1m;QIYUQIZHIJIANLIUGOU,GOUKUAN0.3m,SHEN0.2m。ZUOHAOHOUSHAOJIAZHENYA,JIANGQIMIANZHONGGENGPAPING,ZHUNBEIQIANCHA。
③QIANCHASHIJIAN:11YUEXIAXUN-12YUEZHONGXUN。
④QIANCHAFANGFA:QIANCHAQIAN,XIANJIANGGANGJIANXIADEHUOZHUZANGZAISHISHAZHONGDEZHITIAO,JIANQUXIRUOZHIHESHISHUIGANSUOBUFEN,RANHOUZIXIAERSHANG,JIANGZHANGZHITIAOJIANCHENGZHANG10-12cm,YOU3-5GEYADECHASUI。CHASUIXIADUANJINYACHUJIANCHENGGUANGHUAXIEMIAN,YIZENGJIAXINGCHENGCENGYUTURANGDEJIECHUMIAN,YOULIYUSHENGGEN。CHASUISHANGDUANJUYAYAN0.8-1cmCHUJIANQICHENGPINGMIAN。CHASUIJIANHAOHOU,YINGLIJIJIANGQIXIADUANXIEMIANJINRUQINGSHUIZHONGJINPAO15-20GEXIAOSHI,SHICHATIAOCHONGFENXIZUSHUI。YONG50×10-6ABT6HAOSHENGGENFENANBILIPEICHENGSHENGGENJI,ZHANJINCHASUIYILISHENGGEN。CHASUIXIEMIANXIANGXIACHARUTUZHONG,ZHUXINGJU5×5cm,SHANGDUANDEYALUCHUDIMIAN0.5-1cm。QIANCHAHOULIJIFANGSHUIYINGUAN,SHICHASUIYUTURANGMIJIE。DAIDIMIANSHAOGANHOUYONGSHUANGCENGDIMOFUGAIBAOSHANG,TONGSHIZAIQIMIANSHANGDA1MIGAOYUQIMIANTONGKUANDESULIAOXIAOGONGPENGYILIBAOWEN、YUHAN。
⑤QIANCHAMIAOGUANLI:MIAOCHUANGYOUDIMOHEXIAOGONGPENGDEKEBAOCHIZHANGSHIJIANBUBIGUANSHUI,RUDIMOXIATURANGGANZAO,ZAIYANQIGOUYINGUANYICISHUI。ZUIDIWENDUJIANGZHILINGXIA5℃SHI,YINGZAIGONGPENGWAIJIACAOLIANFANGDONGBAOWEN;ZUIDIQIWENSHENGZHI0℃HOU,BAITIANJIEKAICAOLIAN,YEWANSIZHOUWEICAOLIAN;ZUIDIWENDUDADAO5℃YISHANGSHI,BAITIANYINGDAKAIGONGPENG,SHIDANGFANGFENG,FANGGAOWENZHUOSHANGYOUMIAO。3YUECHU,YOUMIAOGAO3-5LIMISHI,BAITIANJIEKAIDIMOTONGFENGLIANMIAO,SUIYOUMIAOSHENGZHANGZHUJIANJIADATONGFENGLIANG。3YUEZHONGXIAXUN-4YUECHU,ZHUYIBAOCHIMIAOCHUANGCHAOSHI。4YUEZHONGXUNJIEQUPENGMO,JISHISHIFEI、CHUCAO、JIAOSHUI。
⑥移植苗管理:4月下旬,选阴雨天或晴天的下午4点后进行移植。起苗前,苗床灌足水,以利起苗减少伤根,根系又能多带泥土。现起苗现栽植,提高移植成活率。移植时株行距20×30cm。移植前每亩地施4-5吨腐熟农家肥和含量各15%的三元复合肥0.05吨,深耕细耙后移植。栽后浇足水,育苗地保持不干不过湿,并加强病虫草害防治。6月初,阴雨天前或土壤干旱灌溉前,每亩地撒施尿素0.025吨,以促进苗木生长。当年移植苗平均高度可达1.5m左右,地径1.5cm。
2、YAJIEFA
砧木可用:桃、李、梅、杏、山桃、山杏、毛桃和紫叶李的实生苗,相比较而言,桃砧生长势旺,叶色紫绿,但怕涝;李做砧木较耐涝;杏、梅寿命较长,但也怕涝。在华北地区以杏、山桃和毛桃作砧木最为常用。
嫁接的砧木一般选择两年生的苗,最好是专门做砧木培养的,嫁接前要先短截,只保留地表上5-7cm的树桩,6月中下旬,在事先选做接穗的枝条上定好芽位,接芽要饱满、壮实,无干尖和病虫害。用经过消毒的芽接刀在芽位下2cm处向上呈30°斜切入木质部,直至芽位上1cm处,然后在芽位上1厘米处横切一刀,将接芽轻轻取下,再在砧木距地3cm处,用刀在树皮上切一个“T”形切口,使接芽和砧木紧密结合,再用塑料带绑好即可。嫁接后,接芽在7天左右没有萎蔫,说明已经成活,25天左右就可以将塑料带拆除。
3、GAOKONGYATIAOFA
①ZHITIAODEXUANZE:ZHITIAOYAOXUANZESHUSHIJIAOQIANG,WUBINGCHONGHAIDEZHIZHU,ZHITIAOZHIJINGYIBANWEI1-2cm,YI2-4NIANSHENGZHITIAOWEIZUIHAO。
②YATIAOCAOZUO:YATIAOZAICHUNJI4YUEZHONGXUN-5YUEZHONGXUNJINXING,ZAIYATIAOSHANGXUANZESHIYIDEBUWEIYONGJIAJIEDAOKEHUALIANGDAOKEHEN,JIANJU1.5cmZUOYOU,RANHOUDUIKEHENJIANDEBIAOPIJINXINGHUANBO,HUANBOHOULIJITAOSHANGSULIAODAI,BINGZAIXIAKEHENXIABUJIANGSULIAODAIXISI,RANHOUJIANGDIAOHAODESHARANGTUNIJIANGFANGRUSULIAODAI,NIECHENGQIUZHUANG,NIQIUYAOJIANGHUANBOCHUBAOGUOZHU,BINGSHIQICHUYUNIQIUDEZHONGBU,RANHOUJIANGSULIAODAISHANGKOUXISI。
③HOUQIZHILI:SULIAODAIFENGHAOHOUYAOJINGCHANGJINXINGJIANCHA,CHAKANNIQIUSHIFOUGANYING,JIARUTUQIUROURUAN,SHUOMINGBAOZHAXIAOGUOJIAOHAO,TURANGHANSHUILIANGJIAOGAO。DAYUE45TIANHOUSHANGKOUKEYIYUHEBINGKAISHISHENGGEN,QIUMOLUOYEHOU,JIANGYATIAOZAINIQIUXIABUJIANDUAN,JIANKAISULIAODAIHOUJINXINGYIZAI。JIARUGANYINGZESHUOMINGSULIAODAIYOULOUQIDEDIFANG,YAOLIJIYONGZHUSHEQIZHURUSHUI,BINGZAIYUANSULIAODAIWAIZAITAOYIGESULIAODAI。
HUNJIAOLINZHUYAODESHIGENJUZUOWUXIGUANGYUNAIYIN,SHUGENZHAGENDESHENDU,ZUOWUSHENGZHANGZHOUQIYIJISHIFEIXINGDETEXINGJINXINGBUTONGSHUZHONGJIANDEHUNHEDAPEI,CONGERDADAOCHONGFENLIYONGTUDIZIYUAN,HELIFENPEIBUTONGCENGDEGUANGZHAO,SHUIFENHEYANGFEN。
ZIYELIYUHONGSENHUAIHUNJIAOLIN,KEYICHONGFENLIYONGKONGJIANHEYINGYANGMIANJI,NENGJIAOHAODIFAHUIFANGHUXIAOYI,KEZENGQIANGKANGYUZIRANZAIHAIDENENGLI,GAISHANLIDITIAOJIAN,TIGAOLINCHANPINDESHULIANGHEZHILIANG。
4、YIZAI
①XIUJIAN:ZAIDONGJIZHIZHUJINRUXIUMIANHUOBANXIUMIANQIHOU,YAOBASHOURUO、BINGCHONG、KUSI、GUOMIDENGZHITIAOJIANDIAO。
②ZHUANPEN:ZHIYAOYANGHUDEFA,TAJIUHUISHENGZHANGHENKUAI,DANGSHENGZHANGDAOYIDINGDEDAXIAOSHI(YUELIANGDAOSANNIANSHIJIAN),JIUYAOKAOLVJITAHUANGEDAYIDIANDEPEN,YIRANGTAJIXUWANGSHENGSHENGZHANG。HUANPENYONGDEPEIYANGTUJIZUFENBILIKEYIXUANYONGXIAMIANDEYIZHONG:CAIYUANTU:LUZHA=3:1;HUOZHEYUANTU:ZHONGCUHESHA:JUMO(RUZHA)=4:1:2;HUOZHESHUIDAOTU、TANGNI、FUYETUZHONGDEYIZHONG。
③TUOPEN:BAYAOHUANPENDEHUAFANGZAIDISHANG,XIANYONGBAZHANGQINGPAIPENDESIZHOU,SHIGENXISHOUDAOZHENDONGERYUPENBIFENLI,BAHUAPENDAOGUOLAIFANGZAIZUOSHOUSHANG,ZUOSHOUDESHIZHIYUZHONGZHIQINGQINGJIAZHUZHIZHU,SHOUWANYUZHIJIANDINGZHUPENYAN,YOUSHOUPAIDAPENDI,ZAIYONGMUZHICONGDIKONGBAGENTUXIANGXIADING,RANGZHIWUTUOCHULAI。TUOCHULAIHOU,YONGSHUANGZHANGQINGQINGPAIDAPENTU,RANGDUOYUDETURANGTUOLUO。
④HUAPENZHUNBEI:XUANYISHIDANGDAXIAODEHUAPEN,PENDEDIKONGYONGLIANGPIANWAPIANHUOBOBODEPAOMOPIANGAIZHU,JIYAOBAOZHENGPENTUBUBEISHUICHONGCHUQU,YOUYAONENGRANGDUOYUDESHUINENGJISHILIUCHU。WAPIANHUOPAOMOSHANGZAIFANGSHANGYICENGTAOLIHUOSHIDASUIDEHONGZHUANTOU,ZUOWEILVSHUICENG,HOUYUE2-3cm。PAISHUICENGSHANGZAIFANGYOUFEIJIFEI,HOUYUE1-3GONGFEN,FEILIAOSHANGZAIPUYIBOCENGJIZHI,HOUYUE2cm,YIBAGENXIYUFEILIAOGEKAI,ZUIHOUBAZHIWUFANGJINQU,TIANCHONGYINGYANGTU,LIPENKOUYUESHENG2-3cmJIKE。
5、BINGCHONGHAI:BINGCHONGHAIZHUYAOYOUHONGZHIZHU、CIEHEBUDAIE,RUYOUFASHENGKEYONG40%DEYANGHUALEGUORUYOU1000BEIYEJINXINGPENSHA。